Asthma Physiology - Immunopharmacology - and Treatment

Question: Examine about the Asthma Physiology, Immunopharmacology, and Treatment. Answer: Presentation Asthma includes the irritation of the aviation routes causing block and bronchial hyper responsiveness. It is described by hacking and wheezing and is an aviation route incessant provocative issue. In the given contextual analysis, Jessica Ainija White, a multi year old young lady was determined to have asthma. She was conceived rashly at 33 weeks of incubation as her mom went into untimely work. Her past clinical history demonstrated that she was determined to have occasional asthma and skin inflammation. Her home life is disrupted as her sibling and father are presented to liquor, tranquilize misuse and exposed to brutality at home. As of late, she moved to her new home in the northern rural areas of Adelaide to cherish with her grandma, Greta who came back from restoration after an ongoing cerebrovascular (CVA). She had an intense medical clinic affirmation exacerbated of her asthma. She was amped up for her new school; in any case, she encountered some learning handicaps. The acc ompanying investigation manages the pathophysiology, related signs and side effects and pharmacology of Jessicas asthma. Pathophysiology of asthma The aggravation of the aviation routes assumes the significant job in the pathophysiology of asthma. The repetitive hacks, brevity of breath and wheezing are showed by irritation of the different kinds of cell and various middle people (Melen and Pershagen 2012, pp.108-120).The profile of the cells and cell reaction is very reliable in asthma. The pathophysiology of asthma in Jessica may be connected to her untimely birth. She was an untimely infant as she was conceived at the thirty three weeks when her mom went into untimely work. As indicated by Bisgaard, Jensen and Bnnelykke (2012) asthma is unequivocally connected with the untimely children who are conceived before the thirty three weeks of incubation period when contrasted with the infants brought into the world full term. Jessicas untimely birth prompts her breathing issues as her lungs were not appropriately evolved. As per Vatti and Teuber (2012) in untimely infants, the lungs are youthful and brings about breathing issues i n them. There is continuous narrowing of the breathing cylinders as the encompassing muscles of the aviation routes get fixed. This outcomes in quick breathing with whistling or wheezing sound as the air is constrained through the limited aviation routes. This is the explanation Jessica experienced wheezing and brevity of breath. Youngsters younger than five show the asthma like side effects. Jessica showed asthma like manifestations before the age of three. The youngsters have littler aviation routes and when growing happens because of viral contaminations squares or fixes the wind stream because of expanded bodily fluid (Stocks, Hislop and Sonnappa 2013, pp.728-742). This outcomes in breathing issues in the little youngsters. The asthma principally limits the breathing aviation routes as irritation happens in the lungs aviation routes. Jessicas aviation routes are swollen and she is experiencing issues in relaxing. She couldn't get legitimate rest as she encountered brevity and uproarious relaxing. Allergens aggravate the aviation routes and choke the aviation routes. Additionally, there is abundance bodily fluid creation that likewise triggers the asthmatic manifestations. The extension of the divider linings prompts constriction of the bronchioles just as the pathway. Her past clinical history demonstrated that she had viral disease and dermatitis after the regular cold during winters. Jessica experienced dermatitis which is a mellow hypersensitive skin disease that activated throughout the winter season after she had basic virus. The aggravations open the aviation routes to unfavorably susceptible reaction and triggers reactions like growing, fit and abundance bodily fluid creation (Agache et al. 2012, pp.835-846). This reaction brings about shrill wheezing sound during exhalation. Similarly, dermatitis may have caused Jessicas aviation routes to expand and trouble in relaxing. These were the early indications of asthma in Jessica prompting irritation and breathing issues. Signs and side effects of asthma The asthma is portrayed by hacking, wheezing, brevity of breath and snugness in the chest (Austen and Lichtenstein 2013, pp.1-13). While breathing, Jessica made a boisterous sound and experienced brevity of breath while resting and that brought about intruded on rest. The fundamental side effects of asthma that Jessica showed because of her disease are industrious hacking, wheezing or whistling sound while breathing and brevity of breath. She had a past clinical history of viral contaminations, normal cold and dermatitis may have added to the pathophysiology of asthma in Jessica. She additionally experienced pained or quick breathing when breathing out. The snugness in the chest is caused because of tight pulling of the skin encompassing the ribs or neck (van der Wiel et al. 2013, pp.646-657). During the winters, she experienced normal cold that had settled her chest. Bit by bit, the side effects repeated giving an away from of asthma like side effects in Jessica. The whistling and sharp solid during exhalation that declined during night is an away from of asthma in Jessica (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2013). The mellow skin issue like dermatitis declined the states of asthma in Jessica. Now and again, the pet creatures are additionally a wellspring of hypersensitivity as the kids play with them. Jessicas family foundation detailed that the family had pets. There are two long-haired pooches and one short-haired feline in the family. Jessica likewise helped her grandma with the pets. The pet creatures are likewise an expected wellspring of hypersensitivity that may have activated asthma side effects in Jessica (Huckvale, Car, Morrison and Car 2012, p.144). At the point when she was taken to the crisis division, her mom, Anne announced that she gets intruded o n rest and regularly awakens as she had brief times of hacking and wheezing. She inhaled so hard that her mid-region got sucked under her ribs because of limited relaxing. She additionally hacks at school while playing in the play area. The asthmatic manifestations get compounded when she plays out her day by day exercises or during physical exercise. She likewise inclined forward in a sitting position with the goal that she could relax. The previously mentioned manifestations like hacking, wheezing, brevity of breath and pained breathing showed as a piece of her ailment and modestly serious asthma while she was conceded in the crisis office. Connection between pathophysiology, pharmacology and hypothesis Salbutamol is recommended to Jessica as it aids the enlarging of the respiratory aviation routes. At the point when it is showered, it assists with opening the blocked air entry so that there is free progression of air into the lungs (Murphy et al. 2012). This salbutamol puffs caused Jessica to inhale appropriately and is useful in reasonably serious asthma condition. It is helpful in alleviating the patient from asthma manifestations like hacking, wheezing, brevity of breath and snugness in the chest. It assists with soothing the patient from windedness; be that as it may, it doesn't keep the side effects from occurring. It goes about as a moment reliever from the side effects of asthma. Jessica is recommended breathed in salbutamol 2.5mgs six puffs three portions 20 minutes separated. Salbutamol is weight or age subordinate. Jessica gauged 20 kgs and is beneath the age of six. Along these lines, she requires 2.5mgs of six puffs Salbutamol through a nebulizer. Similarly, salbutamol diminished Jessica of her asthmatic manifestations with salbutamol puffs. At whatever point she had scenes of wheezing or the aviation routes get limited and there is trouble in breathing, salbutamol is controlled so she can relax. It enormously assuaged her of the asthma assault (Vichyanond, Pensrichon and Kurasirikul 2012, pp.15-25). She utilizes the salbutamol through an inhaler and spacer that help in direct help and passing this into her lungs. In the given contextual investigation, Jessica was endorsed salbutamol puff and spacer by the crisis division expert and regulated by the enlisted attendants. With the persistent organization of salbutamol puff, she had the option to inhale appropriately. It altogether diminished the scenes of asthmatic assaults in Jessica. Steadily, she revealed that her breathing is getting ordinary with expanded separating between the salbutamol dosages. Another steroid named prednisolone was likewise given to Jessica as it assisted with forestalling the fiery substance discharge in the body. She is recommended with Prednisolone 22mg as a STAT portion for the treatment of moderate asthma. It is referenced that prednisolone of 20-22 mg is given to the kids between the age of 2-5 years. The hypersensitive responses are enormously rewarded utilizing this medication. It is additionally useful in the avoidance and control of asthma assaults like wheezing. At the point when prednisolone is taken orally, it is assimilated into the body and passes straightforwardly into the lungs and assists with controlling the asthma assaults (Brodlie et al. 2012, pp.604-609). As it is taken orally, it will be useful for Jessica to use during making a trip or going to class. It will assist her with gaining better power over the asthmatic assaults outside her home. What's more, the asthma plan including quiet instruction, release prescription, activity plan and clinical follow up are likewise significant for Jessica and her family to control the scenes of asthma assault. She was additionally recommended breathed in Ipratropium 250mcg four puffs three dosages 20 minutes separated through nebulizer as it upgrades bronchodilation by obstructing the acetylcholine activity at parasympathetic destinations in smooth muscles of bronchia. Jessica was additionally recommended high stream 02via a non-re-breather facemask with store - SaO2to stay above 93%. At the point when she showed up at the crisis division at 0400 hours, her oxygen immersion levels were 90% on air. Along these lines, the specialist recommended non-re-breather facemask with store comprises of single direction valve framework that forestalls blending of breathed out gases with new gas stream. It guarantees most elevated convergence of oxygen to Jessica rehearsed in crisis dep

Essay on Turn up

Article on Turn up Article on Turn up At the point when I turn up I do it for the group! Here and there I need to do it for myself, however diagnostically that may not be conceivable. The joy stirred from my group is sufficient to make me a cheerful camper. Outdoors is really fun too I should state. Turning up is fun as well. Anybody at any point attempted Bacardi dark razz? That is my chance up sauce for when I turn up. Denmark was seen as the most joyful nation in 2012, however The Melancholy Dane never got the update. Try not to let poor Hamlet spend another virus winter sulking, snuggling decaying skulls, and rambling speeches without anyone else. All you have to perk him up is a printer,cardstock, some scissors and tape!Cheer Up, Hamlet! is a paperdoll accessible for nothing, for geeks and nerds and Shakespeare fans the same. A few expressions strike a chord as I bring some relief and self-cure with a glass of Cabernet. One is the oft-rehashed truth that â€Å"life is change†. You don’t need to live long to know reality of that one. One day you’re a cheerful undergrad stressed uniquely over where the end of the week gathering will be, and the following day you’re worrying over creation the home loan installment and having that meeting with your child’s instructor, since he was battling another kid on the play area. At that point in the end there comes the day where those recollections will be esteemed, as those youngsters go out all alone and you understand you’re not required close to as much by them. As you manage the unfilled home they’ve left behind, you start to subside into the senior years. At that point

How Long to Nap for the Biggest Brain Benefits

How Long to Nap for the Biggest Brain Benefits If you have ever wondered whether napping is good for you, I’m here to tell you that it is. Taking a nap is like restarting your brain.Sleep technicians and scientists have correlated napping with major health benefits such as improvement of memory, creative thinking and learning. Studies also prove that regular nappers are efficient problem solvers.And some of the most successful people in the world agree with these studies too.Popular author Pete Hamill was quoted saying that one gets to experience two mornings when they take a nap, and that, according to him is replenishing.Winston Churchill is reported to have taken a two-hour must nap every afternoon during his tenure as British Prime Minister.Presidents J.F Kennedy, Reagan and George W. Bush were also great adherents of afternoon napping. Albert Einstein is also known to have combined his 10-hour sleep with other daytime naps.Want to be a genius?Maybe napping could be the key.Vincent Walsh, Professor at UCL says that since th e industrial revolution, we have strained to save all our sleep for the night. While most mammalian species are polyphasic in their sleep, meaning that they sleep for several short periods during their twenty four hour day, human beings are different.Since the industrial revolution, human beings have developed to be monophasic, which means we have a twelve-hour period (day) when we are awake and another (night) in which we sleep continuously.The National Sleep Foundation has not yet established if this is the normal sleep pattern for human beings.Despite humans being monophasic, napping has always been a normal part of human culture. For instance, older adults and young children are known to take naps for short periods during their day.In some cultures, napping is taken to be a very important activity for its people.The practice of napping can be traced back to about 500BC. Napping was a part of the Roman and Greek cultures around the 6th and 8th Century. According to a feature by t he Huff Post, the Greek Siesta began in the afternoon up to around 5.During this time, businesses closed so that people could nap. They would then wake up at 5pm and continue working to almost midnight. According to the Greeks, it was a very pleasant practice.Through napping, the Greeks were able to unlock the key to a long life. According to a New York Times feature, this culture continues to the present. The populations around Ikaria Island in the Mediterranean have reportedly the longest-living individuals in the world.The communities have better health, lower rates of dementia and depression in comparison to other populations. The secret? Plenty of sleep and naps.While napping is not a new thing and has been shown to have numerous benefits, napping at work has for a very long time been frowned upon by many organizational cultures. It is seen as a sign of low ambition, laziness, and unprofessionalism.However, in the recent past, napping has started gaining acceptance as a way of preventing burnout at work and keeping oneself sharp.With the benefits of napping becoming more apparent, more companies are embracing the concept of napping at work, with companies like Google even providing their employees with nap pods specifically for napping.NAPPING AND SLEEPINGThere is a great difference between napping and sleeping. While it’s recommended to sleep up to eight hours a night, a healthy nap should last from about 10 minutes to 90 minutes.During a nap you get into the first and sometimes the second stage of sleep.This is enough to recharge your brain cells, allowing you to get back to work feeling rejuvenated. When you sleep, on the other hand, you complete the five stages of the cycles of sleep.Beware, however, that long naps are not advised as they increase grogginess and inactiveness, mainly because you will get into deeper sleep and then have to wake up without completing the sleep cycle.The grogginess from an extended nap can ultimately affect your product ivity, which is the complete opposite of what you are trying to achieve when taking a nap.TYPES OF NAPPINGThere are three types of napping according to the National Sleep Foundation:Planned Napping: This is the type of napping that you schedule for. Another term for it is preparatory napping. With planned napping, you nap not because you are feeling sleepy, but because you had scheduled the nap as part of your day. It is recommended by sleep technicians as a good option for when you are planning to burn the midnight oil.Emergency Napping: Just like the name implies, this is the kind of nap where you fall asleep because you are so tired and cannot continue working. This nap is recommended for example when you are feeling drowsy while driving. In this case, it is advisable to pull on the road side and sleep for a couple of minutes and then continue with your drive. This will refresh your brain and reduce the risks that come with drowsy driving.Habitual Napping: This is the kind where you have the tendency to take naps at a specific time every day. This is common for children and seniors when they have reached a certain age.BENEFITS OF NAPPINGNapping has a lot of benefits.The National Sleep Foundation even compared the effectiveness of napping on the body with that of reducing alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking.Some of the benefits of napping include:Enhanced Cognitive AbilityResearchers have contended that naps lead to higher brain performance.Sixty-minute to ninety-minute naps have been associated with increased memory.After a night’s sleep, people were able to remember visual work-related objects and tasks more than they did immediately after they learnt it.The same results were co-related with a sixty-minute afternoon nap.A nap on top of enough sleep at night can yield even better results. Associative memory â€" the ability to connect linked items together to solve a bigger puzzle â€" has also been reported to improve as a result of napping.Learning wa s also shown to improve for people who took naps. Napping can enhance your retention ability and word-learning in young kids.Lower Blood PressureMidday naps can significantly reduce blood pressure with the same effectiveness as other methods of lowering and preventing high blood pressure, such as reduction of alcohol consumption and salt intake as preventative strategies.A famous study known as the Greek Study involving 23,681 Greek men conducted for six years showed that napping can result in great health benefits.One group of men napped at least three times during the week over the time the research was conducted.The findings showed that this group of men had a 37% lower risk of getting heart diseases and high blood pressure compared to non-nappers.As a Resolve for Sleep DeprivationThe benefits of sleeping for waking performance have been researched on and proven by many scholars.Many studies have proven that naps are beneficial in periods of sleep deprivation and for night shift workers.There have been studies that have researched the impacts of napping compared to other methods of sleep deprivation.The benefits of napping were found to be more and lasted longer compared to those associated with sleep depriving substances like caffeine.Better MoodsA study conducted by researchers from the University of Michigan revealed that taking a mid-day sixty-minute power nap can increase your tolerance for frustration, and make you less impulsive than watching a one-hour documentary.Naps have also been proven to be effective emotional regulators because they give you time to process your stressors, rather than having to deal with them immediately.Decreased Burn-OutWorking too much without taking some time out can overwhelm your brain and lead to burnout.If you have been working too hard and feel like your brain is starting to get overwhelmed, taking a nap can give your brain the much needed time out and prevent burnout.After the nap, your energy levels will be repleni shed, and you can attack the rest of your day with renewed vigor.DIFFERENT NAP LENGTHS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE BRAIN While we have seen that taking a nap is good for you, different lengths of naps will have different impacts on your brain.Taking a 10 minute nap won’t have the same benefits as a 30 or 60 minute nap.You will also feel different after waking up depending on the length of your nap. So, for how long should you nap?Figuring out the perfect nap length requires an understanding of what happens to your brain at different sleep stages. There are basically five stages of sleep.When you take a nap, you enter part of the sleep cycle.The first and second stages are usually referred to as light wave sleep, while the third and fourth stages are referred to as deep wave sleep. In the fifth stage â€" the REM stage â€" you dive into the dream state which is accompanied by rapid eye movements, hence the name.A complete sleep cycle ranges from 90 to 120 minutes.Below, let’s take a l ook at what happens at different nap lengths.10 minutes: During this phase, you are in your slow-wave sleep. The temperature of your brain and your blood flow decrease from their normal rate, and your body enters a relaxed state. Napping for ten minutes has been shown to enhance alertness and improve cognitive ability with a half-life of 3 hours.Half-life is the time it takes for the effects to wear off your body. When you nap for 10 minutes, your brain has not entered the deep-sleep zones and you will find it very easy to wake up from the nap. You will also be feeling very alert immediately after the nap.20 minutes: A 20-minute nap is an ideal length of a powernap! The National Sleep Foundation asserts that a 20-minute nap will enhance alertness, performance, moods, and memory. After napping for 20 minutes, people can easily recall phone numbers and people’s names.30 minutes: A study by Medical News Today showed that a thirty-minute nap can significantly enhance an infant’s lea rning ability on tasks. The study was conducted through a 4-hour lesson in which the infants napped in between the session.While a 30 minute nap enhances your learning capabilities, by this time you will have entered the deep wave sleep. Therefore, you might find it much harder to wake up after a 30 minute nap.In addition, you might wake up feeling groggy and tired, something that is referred to as sleep inertia. As a result, it might take you an average of about 30 minutes before you are fully alert.60 minutes: An hour’s nap in the afternoon will reduce your impulsiveness, make you more tolerant and improve your memory.On an ECG (electroencephalogram) test focused on sleep spindles happening in the hippocampus, it was proven that memory is enhanced up to five times when a person takes the sixty-minute nap.When you nap for an hour, your brain is able to consolidate your memory and organize details so that when you wake up, you are able to retrieve information easily.Dr. Sara Medni ck author of Take A Nap, Change Your Life indicates that a during the sixty-minute nap, you enter the slow-sleep wave, you will have a higher chance of remembering facts, faces and places.In another study, some researches had a group of participants try to commit a set of cards to memory.The participants were then divided into two groups. One group was asked to take a 60 minute nap, while the other group did not take any nap.After an hour, the two groups were tested to check their memorization of the cards.The group that didn’t take a nap had 60% recall of the patterns on the cards, while the group that napped for one hour had 85% recall.The researchers concluded that when we nap, information is pushed to the neocortex, which is responsible for holding long term memories. This is why you are more likely to recall information after a 60 hour nap.Just like the 30 minutes nap, the 60 minute nap gets us into deep wave sleep, which means that you will experience some level of sleep ine rtia upon waking up.As a result, it will take some time before you can start experiencing the benefits of the 60 minute nap.90 minutes: A one-and-a-half-hour nap might seem to be too long, and it is unlikely that your employer will allow you to nap for all this time while at work. However, napping for 90 minutes has been shown to have the same benefits you would get from 8 hours of sleep. Actually, doctors recommend napping for ninety minutes compared to napping for sixty minutes.According to the National Sleep Foundation, napping for 90 minutes helps improve your creativity, clears your mind, and helps improve your procedural and emotional memory, as well as your ability to learn. Napping for 90 minutes is also great if you did not get enough sleep at night.Since a complete sleep cycle lasts about 90 minutes, you will probably wake at the end of your sleep cycle after a 90 minute nap.This means that you will find it easier to wake up and will feel more alert, without the effects of sleep inertia.However, if you extend your nap, you will get into another sleep cycle, making it harder for you to wake up.NAPPING TIPS TO MAKE MOST OF YOUR NAPSHaving seen the benefits of napping, and how different lengths of naps affect your brain, below are some tips to help you get the most from your naps:A short nap (10 minutes to 20 minutes) is usually recommended to boost alertness and performance. It will also less likely affect your night time sleep.Sleeping on your office desk is highly discouraged. Your sleep environment can greatly impact the quality of your nap. Sleep technicians advise that you find a comfortable place, with a warm temperature to boost your nap. The lightning of the room and the noise can also impede your ability to nap. Try looking for a dimly lit and quiet place to improve the quality of your nap.Avoid napping if you are an insomniac. Our earlier discussions show that daytime napping can lessen your night sleep. The chances of this increase with the frequency and length of your naps.If possible, schedule a ninety-minute nap time as this will reap you great benefits like enhancing creativity and your learning capability. The 90-minute nap gives also you a full cycle of sleep with impacts that compare to an eight-hour sleep.Taking a short nap after your coffee can also boost your alertness when you wake up. Since coffee takes about 20- 30 minutes for its effects to kick in, taking a 20 minute nap just after a cup of coffee will improve your alertness when you wake up, since the effects of the coffee will be kicking in just as you wake up.Afternoon naps are advised compared to any other time. If you take a nap before noon, you increase the chances of feeling disoriented and irritable.An after-nap walk is advised to help you rid of the grogginess that might come after your afternoon snooze. For those who report feeling confused when they wake up, a short walk will help them feel more refreshed and ready for the afternoon slump.Napp ing after 4pm should be a no-no. Most naps should end at that time. If you nap after 4pm, there is a likelihood that you will sleep through the rest of the day. You might eventually fail to wake up and combine that with your nighttime sleep.A napping kit includes ear muffs, eye plugs, silence and an alarm clock. There is a possibility that you might oversleep when you tempt your brain with a nap. To beat this, you should carry an alarm clock to time your nap so that you wake up at the right time.SIDE EFFECTS OF DAYTIME SLEEPINGWhile napping has massive benefits, it is not without its downsides.Some studies show that excessive day time naps are correlated with increased levels of C-reactive protein.This protein is an indicator of systemic inflammation which can be a risk factor for certain cancers, depression, heart disease, obesity and diabetes.The most evident downside of day time napping is the disruption of normal sleep pattern.Excessive daytime naps can interfere with your night time sleep and leave you awake and irritable while you are supposed to be resting.Remember, sleep deprivation is the number one cause for insanity, depression, high rates of burnout and heart diseases. Another health-related risk is Parkinson’s disease â€" whose common symptom is daytime sleepiness.Naps that last between 30 minutes to one hour have been shown to cause sleep inertia.The disorientation and grogginess you get from these types of naps can adversely impede your productivity, thereby defeating the purpose of the nap.In addition, the impact of napping might vary depending on the individual. While a lot of people agree that daytime snoozes are rejuvenating, others have reported high rates of grogginess and bad moods following a nap.WRAPPING UPNapping is a great way to refresh and re-energize yourself when you are feeling burnt out or lethargic.Keep in mind, however, that different lengths of naps will have a different effects on your brain.For a quick recharge, keep your nap between 10 to 20 minutes.If you are really feeling burnt out and want to reap greater benefits from your nap, go for the 90 minute nap.While 30 and 60 minute naps have their benefits, you will probably wake up feeling groggy and tired, something that might undo the benefits gained from the nap.It is also good to keep in mind that while some companies have started giving nap benefits to their employees, not every company has embraced napping at work.Therefore, before you decide to take a nap at work, find out whether your employer is okay with it. You don’t want to put your job on the line for 20 minutes of napping, do you?

How Long to Nap for the Biggest Brain Benefits

How Long to Nap for the Biggest Brain Benefits If you have ever wondered whether napping is good for you, I’m here to tell you that it is. Taking a nap is like restarting your brain.Sleep technicians and scientists have correlated napping with major health benefits such as improvement of memory, creative thinking and learning. Studies also prove that regular nappers are efficient problem solvers.And some of the most successful people in the world agree with these studies too.Popular author Pete Hamill was quoted saying that one gets to experience two mornings when they take a nap, and that, according to him is replenishing.Winston Churchill is reported to have taken a two-hour must nap every afternoon during his tenure as British Prime Minister.Presidents J.F Kennedy, Reagan and George W. Bush were also great adherents of afternoon napping. Albert Einstein is also known to have combined his 10-hour sleep with other daytime naps.Want to be a genius?Maybe napping could be the key.Vincent Walsh, Professor at UCL says that since th e industrial revolution, we have strained to save all our sleep for the night. While most mammalian species are polyphasic in their sleep, meaning that they sleep for several short periods during their twenty four hour day, human beings are different.Since the industrial revolution, human beings have developed to be monophasic, which means we have a twelve-hour period (day) when we are awake and another (night) in which we sleep continuously.The National Sleep Foundation has not yet established if this is the normal sleep pattern for human beings.Despite humans being monophasic, napping has always been a normal part of human culture. For instance, older adults and young children are known to take naps for short periods during their day.In some cultures, napping is taken to be a very important activity for its people.The practice of napping can be traced back to about 500BC. Napping was a part of the Roman and Greek cultures around the 6th and 8th Century. According to a feature by t he Huff Post, the Greek Siesta began in the afternoon up to around 5.During this time, businesses closed so that people could nap. They would then wake up at 5pm and continue working to almost midnight. According to the Greeks, it was a very pleasant practice.Through napping, the Greeks were able to unlock the key to a long life. According to a New York Times feature, this culture continues to the present. The populations around Ikaria Island in the Mediterranean have reportedly the longest-living individuals in the world.The communities have better health, lower rates of dementia and depression in comparison to other populations. The secret? Plenty of sleep and naps.While napping is not a new thing and has been shown to have numerous benefits, napping at work has for a very long time been frowned upon by many organizational cultures. It is seen as a sign of low ambition, laziness, and unprofessionalism.However, in the recent past, napping has started gaining acceptance as a way of preventing burnout at work and keeping oneself sharp.With the benefits of napping becoming more apparent, more companies are embracing the concept of napping at work, with companies like Google even providing their employees with nap pods specifically for napping.NAPPING AND SLEEPINGThere is a great difference between napping and sleeping. While it’s recommended to sleep up to eight hours a night, a healthy nap should last from about 10 minutes to 90 minutes.During a nap you get into the first and sometimes the second stage of sleep.This is enough to recharge your brain cells, allowing you to get back to work feeling rejuvenated. When you sleep, on the other hand, you complete the five stages of the cycles of sleep.Beware, however, that long naps are not advised as they increase grogginess and inactiveness, mainly because you will get into deeper sleep and then have to wake up without completing the sleep cycle.The grogginess from an extended nap can ultimately affect your product ivity, which is the complete opposite of what you are trying to achieve when taking a nap.TYPES OF NAPPINGThere are three types of napping according to the National Sleep Foundation:Planned Napping: This is the type of napping that you schedule for. Another term for it is preparatory napping. With planned napping, you nap not because you are feeling sleepy, but because you had scheduled the nap as part of your day. It is recommended by sleep technicians as a good option for when you are planning to burn the midnight oil.Emergency Napping: Just like the name implies, this is the kind of nap where you fall asleep because you are so tired and cannot continue working. This nap is recommended for example when you are feeling drowsy while driving. In this case, it is advisable to pull on the road side and sleep for a couple of minutes and then continue with your drive. This will refresh your brain and reduce the risks that come with drowsy driving.Habitual Napping: This is the kind where you have the tendency to take naps at a specific time every day. This is common for children and seniors when they have reached a certain age.BENEFITS OF NAPPINGNapping has a lot of benefits.The National Sleep Foundation even compared the effectiveness of napping on the body with that of reducing alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking.Some of the benefits of napping include:Enhanced Cognitive AbilityResearchers have contended that naps lead to higher brain performance.Sixty-minute to ninety-minute naps have been associated with increased memory.After a night’s sleep, people were able to remember visual work-related objects and tasks more than they did immediately after they learnt it.The same results were co-related with a sixty-minute afternoon nap.A nap on top of enough sleep at night can yield even better results. Associative memory â€" the ability to connect linked items together to solve a bigger puzzle â€" has also been reported to improve as a result of napping.Learning wa s also shown to improve for people who took naps. Napping can enhance your retention ability and word-learning in young kids.Lower Blood PressureMidday naps can significantly reduce blood pressure with the same effectiveness as other methods of lowering and preventing high blood pressure, such as reduction of alcohol consumption and salt intake as preventative strategies.A famous study known as the Greek Study involving 23,681 Greek men conducted for six years showed that napping can result in great health benefits.One group of men napped at least three times during the week over the time the research was conducted.The findings showed that this group of men had a 37% lower risk of getting heart diseases and high blood pressure compared to non-nappers.As a Resolve for Sleep DeprivationThe benefits of sleeping for waking performance have been researched on and proven by many scholars.Many studies have proven that naps are beneficial in periods of sleep deprivation and for night shift workers.There have been studies that have researched the impacts of napping compared to other methods of sleep deprivation.The benefits of napping were found to be more and lasted longer compared to those associated with sleep depriving substances like caffeine.Better MoodsA study conducted by researchers from the University of Michigan revealed that taking a mid-day sixty-minute power nap can increase your tolerance for frustration, and make you less impulsive than watching a one-hour documentary.Naps have also been proven to be effective emotional regulators because they give you time to process your stressors, rather than having to deal with them immediately.Decreased Burn-OutWorking too much without taking some time out can overwhelm your brain and lead to burnout.If you have been working too hard and feel like your brain is starting to get overwhelmed, taking a nap can give your brain the much needed time out and prevent burnout.After the nap, your energy levels will be repleni shed, and you can attack the rest of your day with renewed vigor.DIFFERENT NAP LENGTHS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE BRAIN While we have seen that taking a nap is good for you, different lengths of naps will have different impacts on your brain.Taking a 10 minute nap won’t have the same benefits as a 30 or 60 minute nap.You will also feel different after waking up depending on the length of your nap. So, for how long should you nap?Figuring out the perfect nap length requires an understanding of what happens to your brain at different sleep stages. There are basically five stages of sleep.When you take a nap, you enter part of the sleep cycle.The first and second stages are usually referred to as light wave sleep, while the third and fourth stages are referred to as deep wave sleep. In the fifth stage â€" the REM stage â€" you dive into the dream state which is accompanied by rapid eye movements, hence the name.A complete sleep cycle ranges from 90 to 120 minutes.Below, let’s take a l ook at what happens at different nap lengths.10 minutes: During this phase, you are in your slow-wave sleep. The temperature of your brain and your blood flow decrease from their normal rate, and your body enters a relaxed state. Napping for ten minutes has been shown to enhance alertness and improve cognitive ability with a half-life of 3 hours.Half-life is the time it takes for the effects to wear off your body. When you nap for 10 minutes, your brain has not entered the deep-sleep zones and you will find it very easy to wake up from the nap. You will also be feeling very alert immediately after the nap.20 minutes: A 20-minute nap is an ideal length of a powernap! The National Sleep Foundation asserts that a 20-minute nap will enhance alertness, performance, moods, and memory. After napping for 20 minutes, people can easily recall phone numbers and people’s names.30 minutes: A study by Medical News Today showed that a thirty-minute nap can significantly enhance an infant’s lea rning ability on tasks. The study was conducted through a 4-hour lesson in which the infants napped in between the session.While a 30 minute nap enhances your learning capabilities, by this time you will have entered the deep wave sleep. Therefore, you might find it much harder to wake up after a 30 minute nap.In addition, you might wake up feeling groggy and tired, something that is referred to as sleep inertia. As a result, it might take you an average of about 30 minutes before you are fully alert.60 minutes: An hour’s nap in the afternoon will reduce your impulsiveness, make you more tolerant and improve your memory.On an ECG (electroencephalogram) test focused on sleep spindles happening in the hippocampus, it was proven that memory is enhanced up to five times when a person takes the sixty-minute nap.When you nap for an hour, your brain is able to consolidate your memory and organize details so that when you wake up, you are able to retrieve information easily.Dr. Sara Medni ck author of Take A Nap, Change Your Life indicates that a during the sixty-minute nap, you enter the slow-sleep wave, you will have a higher chance of remembering facts, faces and places.In another study, some researches had a group of participants try to commit a set of cards to memory.The participants were then divided into two groups. One group was asked to take a 60 minute nap, while the other group did not take any nap.After an hour, the two groups were tested to check their memorization of the cards.The group that didn’t take a nap had 60% recall of the patterns on the cards, while the group that napped for one hour had 85% recall.The researchers concluded that when we nap, information is pushed to the neocortex, which is responsible for holding long term memories. This is why you are more likely to recall information after a 60 hour nap.Just like the 30 minutes nap, the 60 minute nap gets us into deep wave sleep, which means that you will experience some level of sleep ine rtia upon waking up.As a result, it will take some time before you can start experiencing the benefits of the 60 minute nap.90 minutes: A one-and-a-half-hour nap might seem to be too long, and it is unlikely that your employer will allow you to nap for all this time while at work. However, napping for 90 minutes has been shown to have the same benefits you would get from 8 hours of sleep. Actually, doctors recommend napping for ninety minutes compared to napping for sixty minutes.According to the National Sleep Foundation, napping for 90 minutes helps improve your creativity, clears your mind, and helps improve your procedural and emotional memory, as well as your ability to learn. Napping for 90 minutes is also great if you did not get enough sleep at night.Since a complete sleep cycle lasts about 90 minutes, you will probably wake at the end of your sleep cycle after a 90 minute nap.This means that you will find it easier to wake up and will feel more alert, without the effects of sleep inertia.However, if you extend your nap, you will get into another sleep cycle, making it harder for you to wake up.NAPPING TIPS TO MAKE MOST OF YOUR NAPSHaving seen the benefits of napping, and how different lengths of naps affect your brain, below are some tips to help you get the most from your naps:A short nap (10 minutes to 20 minutes) is usually recommended to boost alertness and performance. It will also less likely affect your night time sleep.Sleeping on your office desk is highly discouraged. Your sleep environment can greatly impact the quality of your nap. Sleep technicians advise that you find a comfortable place, with a warm temperature to boost your nap. The lightning of the room and the noise can also impede your ability to nap. Try looking for a dimly lit and quiet place to improve the quality of your nap.Avoid napping if you are an insomniac. Our earlier discussions show that daytime napping can lessen your night sleep. The chances of this increase with the frequency and length of your naps.If possible, schedule a ninety-minute nap time as this will reap you great benefits like enhancing creativity and your learning capability. The 90-minute nap gives also you a full cycle of sleep with impacts that compare to an eight-hour sleep.Taking a short nap after your coffee can also boost your alertness when you wake up. Since coffee takes about 20- 30 minutes for its effects to kick in, taking a 20 minute nap just after a cup of coffee will improve your alertness when you wake up, since the effects of the coffee will be kicking in just as you wake up.Afternoon naps are advised compared to any other time. If you take a nap before noon, you increase the chances of feeling disoriented and irritable.An after-nap walk is advised to help you rid of the grogginess that might come after your afternoon snooze. For those who report feeling confused when they wake up, a short walk will help them feel more refreshed and ready for the afternoon slump.Napp ing after 4pm should be a no-no. Most naps should end at that time. If you nap after 4pm, there is a likelihood that you will sleep through the rest of the day. You might eventually fail to wake up and combine that with your nighttime sleep.A napping kit includes ear muffs, eye plugs, silence and an alarm clock. There is a possibility that you might oversleep when you tempt your brain with a nap. To beat this, you should carry an alarm clock to time your nap so that you wake up at the right time.SIDE EFFECTS OF DAYTIME SLEEPINGWhile napping has massive benefits, it is not without its downsides.Some studies show that excessive day time naps are correlated with increased levels of C-reactive protein.This protein is an indicator of systemic inflammation which can be a risk factor for certain cancers, depression, heart disease, obesity and diabetes.The most evident downside of day time napping is the disruption of normal sleep pattern.Excessive daytime naps can interfere with your night time sleep and leave you awake and irritable while you are supposed to be resting.Remember, sleep deprivation is the number one cause for insanity, depression, high rates of burnout and heart diseases. Another health-related risk is Parkinson’s disease â€" whose common symptom is daytime sleepiness.Naps that last between 30 minutes to one hour have been shown to cause sleep inertia.The disorientation and grogginess you get from these types of naps can adversely impede your productivity, thereby defeating the purpose of the nap.In addition, the impact of napping might vary depending on the individual. While a lot of people agree that daytime snoozes are rejuvenating, others have reported high rates of grogginess and bad moods following a nap.WRAPPING UPNapping is a great way to refresh and re-energize yourself when you are feeling burnt out or lethargic.Keep in mind, however, that different lengths of naps will have a different effects on your brain.For a quick recharge, keep your nap between 10 to 20 minutes.If you are really feeling burnt out and want to reap greater benefits from your nap, go for the 90 minute nap.While 30 and 60 minute naps have their benefits, you will probably wake up feeling groggy and tired, something that might undo the benefits gained from the nap.It is also good to keep in mind that while some companies have started giving nap benefits to their employees, not every company has embraced napping at work.Therefore, before you decide to take a nap at work, find out whether your employer is okay with it. You don’t want to put your job on the line for 20 minutes of napping, do you?

Essay on The Picture of Dorian Gray as a Moral Book

The Picture of Dorian Gray as a Moral Book nbsp; The Picture of Dorian Gray was a remarkably well-written book due to the reaction of its themes by society.nbsp; In the preface of the novel, Wilde introduces the opinion that ...there is no moral or immoral book.nbsp; Books are well written or badly written.nbsp; That is all.nbsp; Numerous views can be taken upon this fastidious comment.nbsp; Many would agree that Wilde is justifiably correct because the preface was written with the intention that his readers understand the deeper meaning of the themes than worrying about whether it is considered morally acceptable; or perhaps, the view that it could be considered moral or immoral by the impact it has on the readers†¦show more content†¦iniquitous beliefs of his on the unsuspecting Dorian.nbsp; He tells him Nothing can cure the soul but the senses, just as nothing can cure the senses but the soul, which implies for Dorian to give into his deepest wants and desires no matter how dirty or sinful they are.nbsp; He continues to spin Dorian into his web of sin by telling him that you know less than you want to know, which makes him curious as to what other pleasures he could find in the world.nbsp; When Dorian falls in love with Sybil Vane, he tries to write her off as some poor, useless nobody who could never please Dorians deepest desires.nbsp; He does this partly because he is jealous of his love for her, since it is made obvious that Lord Henry finds Dorian a strikingly handsome man, and partly for pleasure, to get a high off of ruining one of Dorians attempts at redemption.nbsp; Even when Dorian goes as far as killing Basil, Lord Wotton tells him that crime is simply a method of procuring extraordinary sensations.nbsp; It is not until Lord Henry makes this comment about how murder is not a terrible thing that Dorian begins to realize the true vastness of his sins, and in the only salvation he knows, he later goes to kill himself.nbsp; Dorians downfall due to Lord Henrys actions teaches moral of being centered on selfishness.nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Dorians character makes a vast amount of change in the eighteen years that heShow MoreRelatedEssay on Oscar Wildes Success at a Gothic Novel1489 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay I will be looking at how successful Oscar Wilde was at creating a gothic novel. 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Gender Inequality in America Essay - 1466 Words

Gender inequality has engulfed the United States and placed copious varying roles onto the male and female sexes. According to Leila Aboulela, Minaret, â€Å"All through life there were distinctions - toilets for men, toilets for women; clothes for men, clothes for women - then, at the end, the graves are identical.† Discrimination places women into different roles and takes away numerous privileges. However in America today after more than a century of struggles by dedicated activists who fought to alter these ideals and gain further rights, the perception of women in society and their contributions to society have been greatly transformed. The feminism activists began their journey in 1848 when they concocted their own form of the†¦show more content†¦It gave them a taste of what was out in the world and got them to think of themselves as workers instead of just homebodies. At first they were hesitant because it was a new domain, but once they grew accustomed to this new role they weren’t about to evacuate and instead embraced their new power with Rosie the Riveter, the new face of activism. Rosie stood for everything these women fought for and was a symbol of hope and persistence. Her famous words echoed through the streets of the United States, â€Å"We Can Do It!† Some of the more daring women wanted to help even more, so they enlisted to go fight alongside the men of their country. These brave women were now soldiers and proved that they could enter dangerous situations and do the job right. For the women of this time there was no going back to the docile housewife of the past. From this poin t on they were looking for a future outside of the house. Then, in 1945 the war drew to a close and men who had been away began to file home. They were anticipating returning to their old jobs that women had occupied when they were away, however women were resisting to leave. In 1963 there was the second wave of the women’s movement when Betty Friedan published her book The Feminine Mystique, which sole purpose was to point out the, â€Å"problem that has no name† (understanding feminism by peta Bowden). The context of the book described that women were being forced to live under their trueShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality, Functionalism and Symbolic Interactionism868 Words   |  4 PagesGender inequality refers to the inequality between men and women, or the unequal treatment or perception of a person based on his or her gender. Gender inequality is almost always prominent towards a female rather than towards a male. Women are seen as inferior to men in every country in the world. This form of society is called patriarchal and is one of this biggest issues in American society today. 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The History of Native Americans Essay - 1102 Words

The United States was a new nation in the 18th century when most of the world was divided among the European imperialist governments. Looking right of religion, technology and military power, people from these nations began to claim the land and lock up new worlds of natural resources to meet their needs, that is why some decided to immigrate to the United States seeking freedom and the opportunity for economical improvements; but this search for improvement, among other things, only brought suffering and death to Native American tribes. In the United States, Indian groups were willing to live with the newcomers until relations were strained by the continuing immigration to its territory, loss of resources, diseases and among†¦show more content†¦The main purpose of the treaty, form the American perspective, was to remove the Indian threat to the peaceful westward expansion, and try to destroy its cultures, spiritual, economic, and political traditions by assimilating Nativ e American into American life. The signing of these treaties and the adoption of policies and laws gradually declined sovereignty of indigenous nations. In the 1830’s, Five Indians Nations lived in territories that many Americans thought it might be more profitable for breeding, however, Americans could not do anything, because these tribes had signed treaties with the federal government, which guaranteed them the right to live in their ancestral lands and maintain its sovereignty; and it is not surprising that these notions were not willing to give up their land and to negotiate new treaties. That is why President Andrew Jackson decided that a new federal policy would be necessary to remove the Indians from their lands. This policy was called Removal Act of 1830, and gave the president the right to remove the five nations from their ancestral lands against their will. While Removal Act immediately helped alleviate the IndianShow MoreRelatedNative American History : Native Am ericans1099 Words   |  5 Pages Native Americans A few thousands of years before the famous and high recognized explore Christopher Columbus’ ships landed in the Bahamas, a distinctive group of people discovered America. The ancestors of modern Native Americans who hiked over a â€Å"land bridge† from Asia more than 12,000 years ago. In fact, there is an estimate that more than 50 million people were already living in the Americas. As time passed, these migrants and their descendants pushed south and east, adapting as they wentRead MoreNative American History : Native Americans1879 Words   |  8 Pages†¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Native American Lives Since the beginning of time, conquering other societies has been a common occurrence. Almost every battle that has taken place has been documented. When stories of past battles are retold, only one side of the tale gets told, the victor’s side. 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They are completely disregardedRead MoreNative Americans And American History1036 Words   |  5 PagesNative Americans do not experience enough social, political, and economic equality today because their stereotypes are portrayed in media, they do not have enough government representation, and they are not as well off as most Americans. Education plays a big part in how Native Americans are represented. Many schools, according to â€Å"The Coddling of the American Mind,† are overprotective of their students, thus censoring and limiting some important topics that students are required to learn. ThisRead MoreNative Americans And American History1396 Words   |  6 PagesNative Americans have remained a prominent aspect of American history; not just a history of the people, but a history of the land and the extensive traditions that shadowed it, like footprints in the sand. However, when the Europeans staggered over with indifference towards the natives and their unusual customs, a conflict erupted that dates back hundreds of years and continues into the present. As the United States grew further more intolerant of the natives, the daring judgment to either assimilateRead MoreAmerican History: Native Americans 829 Words   |  3 PagesHave you ever wondered what it would be like to be Native American during the European invasion? In American history Native Americans were treated unfairly. The American government mistreated the Natives by lying to them and treating them as foreigners. After years of fighting for freedom the Natives did not achieve their goal for freedom. The Trail of Tears, being the most tragic event in American history, was due to the Removal Act in the 1830s, the misguidance of President Andrew Jackson, theRead MoreNative Americans And American History Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesNative Americans, or Indians, as they were mistakenly called, have been the â€Å"pathetic footnotes to the main course of American history† (Axtell 981). But James Axtell, the author of Colonial America without the Indians: Counterfactual Reflections, would beg to differ. He says that instead, Indians played a key role in making America great. James Murray gives another term to describe America’s greatness: America’s â€Å"exceptionalism.† Throughout his art icle Axtell makes many points as to why Indians

Innovation Strategic Management And Leadership Tesla motor

Question: Discuss about the Innovation Strategic Management and Leadership. Answer: Introduction: Hybrid strategy is a new strategy that is used to achieve competitive advantage. The organizations have realized the importance of both cost and differentiation strategy for improving the performance of the organization. A Tesla motor is a vehicle company that operates in a highly competitive environment. The focus of Tesla motors is on differentiation strategy where the organization focuses on small group of customers that are rich preferring stylish cars and are environmental conscious (Rothaermel, 2015). The company cannot adopt hybrid strategy or cost strategy because of lack of capital to compete based on cost. The organization is surviving due to its product uniqueness, designs and technologies that are attracting larger customers. Hence, the focus of the organization is on the differentiating strategy by differentiating the cars manufactured based on design and style. Tesla motors use intensive technologies in its electric vehicles and related products. Such evolution is reflection of Tesla increasing popularity and improving profitability. Value innovation strategy is use of both the differentiation and low cost strategy in order to create value for both the buyers and the companies. Value innovation strategy aims at creation of new spaces instead of fighting with the competitors over the same product. It is a key principle of blue ocean startgegy. The introduction of electric vehicle by Tesla motors is considered as one the most innovative move of the company. Tesla motors are considered as worlds most innovative companies. TheLean Startupmethod recommends organizations focus on developing a least viable product (MVP) before creating a full-blown manufactured goods.Tesla uses different approach for innovation of the products. The innovation strategy used by Tesla moors is not perfect but it is radical (Chen Perez, 2015). Value chain analysis helps the company in determining the strengths and weaknesses by analyzing its activities that adds value to the organization. The two activities are primary and support activities. Primary activities directly relates to production and manufacturing while support activities helps in enhancement of primary activities making it more effective (Fearne et al., 2012). Figure: value chain analysis (Source: Rothaermel, 2015). Relation of value chain with Tesla motors Figure: value chain analysis of Tesla motors (Source: Liu et al., 2014). Primary activities Inbound logistics: the important components at Tesla are manufactured in house while the other parts are delivered from the suppliers timely. This helps in reducing the time of production and assembling. Operations: the operations and manufacturing at Tesla motors is highly advanced and automated. The company is able to produce to eight three vehicles per day and all the cars are made in Northern California (Liu et al., 2014). Outbound logistics: Tesla motors distribute the cars from the stores that is located in eighteen countries. Customers have an option of booking the cars online where the car is then delivered on the address provided by the customers (Chen Perez, 2015). Marketing and sales: Tesla has its own network of stores and is not much indulged in advertisements. Many popular celebrities own cars of Tesla that has great impact on customers. The ads are posted in YouTube (Mangram, 2012). Service: the company has its service centers in Europe, Asia and North America. The company provides free services to the customers in order to reduce operational cost for some period. Support activities Infrastructure: the organizational structure at Tesla motors is flat and horizontal. This helps the communication to be better and leads to faster decision-making process. The company chooses the leaders that are able to build a strong corporate culture perfectly execute strategic vision and manage the team. Procurement: the company maintains a good relationship with its suppliers in order to use the opportunities available. The company indulges in short term agreements in order to avoid risk. RD: research and development at Tesla motors is developed and is the main advantage to the company. The money is plowed back to RD to reduce cost and remain innovative so that it is able to sustain competition (Mangram, 2012). HR: the company employs and hires employees that are creative and talented so that they are able to preserve the culture of the organization (Liu et al., 2014). External and internal factors for Tesla motors to sustain in future Tesla motors have big plans for success in future. The CEO of Tesla motors has promised to increase the production of cars and launch one to two new cars by 2020. The company will be producing trucks and new improved cars that will be automotive in ten years time. The production house will use the batteries will help in reducing the cost of profit thus helping the company earn higher profit. It estimates to reduce the cost by 3% by 2020. The company also aims at introducing new and improved cars that are eco friendly (Chung et al., 2016). The main threat of the company is from its competitors that are likely to hamper the plan of Tesla motors in future. It is essential for the company to formulate the strategies so that it is able to survive its competitors in future. The company needs to increase the capital so that it is able to invest in manufacturing in new cars and increasing the production. The main external factors that are likely to affect Tesla motors are the rise in competition, rapid technological advancement and political regulations within the industry. The threat that Tesla motors face is from the new manufacturers entering the market with stronger and larger capabilities and economies of scale. References Chen, Y., Perez, Y. (2015, June). Business model design: lessons learned from Tesla Motors. InGerpisa Conference, ENS Cachan, Paris(pp. 10-12). Chung, D., Elgqvist, E., Santhanagopalan, S. (2016). Automotive Lithium-ion Cell Manufacturing: Regional Cost Structures and Supply Chain Considerations.Contract,303, 275-3000. Fearne, A., Garcia Martinez, M., Dent, B. (2012). Dimensions of sustainable value chains: implications for value chain analysis.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(6), 575-581. Liu, Y. E., Kang, Y., Wu, H., Chen, C., Hon, E. (2014). Tesla Motors Inc. Case Synopsis.Burnaby BC: Simon Fraser University. Retrieved,10(18), 2014. Mangram, M. E. (2012). The globalization of Tesla Motors: a strategic marketing plan analysis.Journal of Strategic Marketing,20(4), 289-312. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic management. McGraw-Hill.

Ben Bates free essay sample

Brief summary of the case Ben Bates, 28 years old, graduated from college six years ago with a finance undergraduate degree. He is now working at the financial management company of Dewey and Louis. He expects to work for 38 years later. His goal is to become an investment banker. And he feels that an MBA degree would allow him to achieve this goal. After examining schools, he has narrowed his choice to either Wilton University or Mount Perry College. The Ritter College of Business is under Wilton University: It offers the country’s leading MBA program. Its MBA degree requires two years of full-time enrollment at the university. The annual tuition is $63,000, payable at the beginning of each school year. Books and other supplies are estimated to cost $2,500 per year. The Bradley School of Business at Mount Perry College began its MBA program 6 years ago. The Bradley School is smaller and less well known than the Ritter College. We will write a custom essay sample on Ben Bates or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its program lasts one year, with a tuition cost of $80,000 to be paid upon matriculation. Books and other supplies for the program are estimated to cost $3,500. Both schools offer a health insurance plan that will cost $3000 per year, payable at the beginning of the year. Ben also estimates that room and board expenses will cost $20,000 per year at both schools. Besides, neither school will allow its students to work while enrolled in its MBA program. Here is Ben’s private financial information: His annual salary is $50,000 per year, and it is expected to increase at 3 percent per year until retirement. His current job includes a fully paid health insurance plan, and his current average tax rate is 26 percent. Ben has a savings account with enough money to cover the entire cost of his MBA program. Ben expects that after graduation from Wilton, he will receive a job offer for about $98,000 per year, with a $15,000 signing bonus. The salary for this job will be increased by 4 percent per year. His average income tax rate will rise to 31 percent. Besides, Ben thinks that he will receive an offer of $81,000 per year with a $10,000 signing bonus upon graduation from Mount Perry. The salary for this job will be increased by 3. 5 percent per year. Therefore, his average tax rate at this level of income will be 29 percent. The appropriate discount rate is 6. 5 percent. 2. Answering the questions 2. 1. Question 1: How does Ben’s age influence his decision to pursue an MBA? Ben Bates determines on earning an MBA to be able to find a job with higher income than the current one and to become an investment bank’s owner. To decide whether to pursue an MBA or not and when to enroll in the program, Ben must weigh, calculate the present value of his income sources, in which working time is an important factor to determine the present value of income sources. Ben is 28 years old now (he expects to work for 38 years from now). If Ben decides to learn for an MBA immediately, it takes Ben only 01-02 years to study and the left time for Ben to work will be around 36-37 years, but in return, with an MBA in hand, during the 36-37 year, Ben will have a good job with higher income than his current job. Conversely, if Ben decides to postpone the pursuit of an MBA, the left time for Ben to work with a more attractive salary after getting an MBA will be shorter, so Ben’s income flow value in this case also will affected. Thus, if deciding to get an MBA soon, Ben will be able to maximize his potential income. In addition, age may affect Ben’s learning ability when taking an MBA course. If he takes the MBA course when younger, his ability to acquire new knowledge will be better. Besides, age also affects his job opportunity after he receives the MBA. In fact, many companies prefer younger candidates to older ones. Therefore, the sooner Ben decides to get an MBA, the more job opportunities there will be for him after he finishes the MBA course. In short, age is one important factor affecting Ben’s determination to get an MBA. To maximize his potential earnings, then Ben should start taking the MBA program as soon as possible. 2. 2. Question 2: What other factors, which are unquantifiable, affect Ben’s decision to pursue an MBA? Beside age an important factor affecting Ben’s decision to get an MBA – there are also some unquantifiable factors that affect his decision, as follows: First, it is reputation of the school that Ben plans to choose. Studying at a prestigious school, his MBA degree will be more valuable. This makes it easy for Ben to find a suitable job with a more attractive salary. Second, it is the MBA program content’s suitableness for the job that Ben plans to find later. This helps Ben accumulate expertise for his future job. Third, it is the financial situation of Ben’s family, especially during his learning time. This affects his family’s ability to cover living expenses. If Ben still has a financial resource to pay for his family’s living expenses during the course, he will find it easier to decide to pursue an MBA than otherwise. 2. 3. Question 3: Assuming that all wages are paid at the end of each year, then what are the best options for Ben from the precise financial standpoint? To identify what are the best options for Ben from the precise financial standpoint, it is needed to calculate the present value (PV) of his income flow under 03 options, as follows: 2. 3. 1. Option 1: Ben still continues to work at Deway Louis Company until retirement. Factors necessary for calculating the present value (PV) in the first option are: Ben’s annual salary at the firm is $ 55,000 and is expected to increase by 3% each year until retirement. His current average tax rate is 26%. Appropriate discount rate is 6. 5%. To calculate the present value (PV) of Ben’s income flow, we can use the increasing annuity formula.

Average SAT Scores by State (Most Recent)

Average SAT Scores by State (Most Recent) SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips More than a million students across the country take the SAT each year. So what do SAT scores by state look like? How do you stack up against other test takers in your state? Finally, what are some interesting state facts- for example, which state has the highest SAT score? The lowest SAT score? The highest rate of participation? It's the battle of the states, SAT edition. Find out your state's average SAT scores and other fun facts in this article! What Is the National Average SAT Score? Before we get into the SAT averages by state, let's quickly go over the SAT scoring system as well as what the overall average SAT score in the US currently is. As you probably know, the SAT is made up of three sections: Reading, Writing and Language (also just called Writing), and Math. The Math section is scored on a scale of 200-800, while the Reading and Writing sections are combined to give you a final Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) score on a scale of 200-800. By combining these two sections, we get atotal SAT score rangeof400-1600, with 1600 being a perfect score. Now that we've got this down, let's take a look the national average SAT score. In 2018, the College Board reported the following average SAT scores: Total: 1068 Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW): 536 Math: 531 As you can see, the average scores for EBRW and Math are quite close. These then add up to get a total SAT average score that's around the halfway point of the total score range (400-1600). But what are the average SAT scores by state? Keep reading to learn some interesting trends and to see the notable top spots held by different states! State SAT Awards We'll start with the states that have won our "State SAT Awards." The categories for these are as follows: Highest SAT Score Highest SAT Score With Over 20% Participation Team Players (100% Participation) Lowest SAT Score Most Variation Between SAT Sections All data below comes from the College Board's 2018 SAT state reports. Highest Score: Minnesota (SAT Score: 1298) Minnesota takes the cake for highest average SAT score with 1298. This is 230 points higher than the national average! But wait- Minnesota also has lower test participation than 78% of the US at 4%. In other words, just 2,464 seniors took the test in 2018. Because more students in Minnesota take the ACT than they do the SAT, Minnesota's high average SAT score likely means that only the most prepared, ambitious high schoolers take the SAT. These students tend to score higher, effectively raising the state's average. But what if we look instead at states with a significant participation rate- that is, a state in which more than 20% of students take the SAT? The winner for that SAT award is ... Highest Score With Over 20% Participation: Arizona (SAT Score: 49, with 29% Participation) Great achievement here! With more than 20,000 students in the class of 2018 taking the SAT here, Arizona is truly outperforming the national average. Team Players (100% Participation): Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, and Michigan In Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, and Michigan, every student took the SAT. This usually means that thesestates require all high school students to take the SATas part of normal high school testing. In addition, four other states- Illinois, Maine, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island- as well as the District of Columbiaoffered the SAT statewide during the 2017-18 school year. But because the testwasn't mandatory for all students in these states for the entire school year, participation rates here are below 100%. The highest participation rate for non-mandatory testing goes to Florida, at 97%. Lowest Score: District of Columbia (SAT Score: 977) Unfortunately, the District of Columbia underperforms the national average by more than 90 points. Also ranking at the bottom are other states with statewide SAT testing (Delaware and Idaho) as well as West Virginia, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands. From the data, it's reasonable to conclude that statewide testing causes lower scores because it includes all seniors andnot just those planning to apply to college. The lowest SAT score for a non-mandatory state is 1014 in Florida. While Florida is only in the top 18% of the country as far as participation goes (97% participation rate), it's important to point out that this is still a huge number of students, as the population of Florida is so large. In 2018, 147,058 students took the SAT in Florida. This number is much higher than the number of test takers in other states with comparable SAT participation rates, such as Rhode Island (97% participation rate, 10,161 students) and New Hampshire (96% participation rate, 14,834 students). So even though only 97% of students took the SAT in Florida, there's still plenty of room for variation within these nearly 150,000 students' scores. Most Variation Between Sections: Florida (520 Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, 497 Math) With a participation rate of 97%, Florida also has the greatest difference between SAT section scores of all states. On average, Florida students score 29 points higher on Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) than they do on Math. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! List of All Average State SAT Scores Here are the most recent average SAT scores for all 50 statesas well as the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands. Find your area below and see how your SAT score compares with your region's average! State Participation Rate EBRW Math Total Alabama 6% 595 571 66 Alaska 43% 562 544 06 Arizona 29% 577 572 49 Arkansas 5% 592 576 69 California 60% 540 536 1076 Colorado 100% 519 506 1025 Connecticut 100% 535 519 1053 Delaware 100% 505 492 998 District of Columbia 92% 497 480 977 Florida 97% 522 493 1014 Georgia 70% 542 522 1064 Hawaii 56% 550 549 1099 Idaho 100% 508 493 1001 Illinois 99% 513 506 1019 Indiana 67% 546 539 1086 Iowa 3% 634 632 1265 Kansas 4% 633 631 1265 Kentucky 4% 630 618 1248 Louisiana 4% 615 595 1210 Maine 99% 512 501 1013 Maryland 76% 545 535 1080 Massachusetts 80% 562 563 25 Michigan 100% 5 499 10 Minnesota 4% 643 655 1298 Mississippi 3% 630 606 1236 Missouri 4% 633 629 1262 Montana 10% 606 592 1229 Nebraska 3% 629 623 1252 Nevada 23% 574 566 40 New Hampshire 96% 535 528 1063 New Jersey 82% 547 547 1094 New Mexico 16% 552 540 1093 New York 79% 534 534 1068 North Carolina 52% 554 543 1098 North Dakota 2% 640 643 1283 Ohio 18% 552 547 1099 Oklahoma 8% 541 521 1062 Oregon 48% 564 553 17 Pennsylvania 70% 547 539 1086 Puerto Rico - 512 481 993 Rhode Island 97% 513 505 1018 South Carolina 55% 547 523 1070 South Dakota 3% 622 618 1241 Tennessee 6% 624 607 1231 Texas 66% 520 512 1032 Utah 4% 618 612 1230 Vermont 64% 565 554 20 Virgin Islands - 490 445 935 Virginia 68% 567 550 17 Washington 69% 543 538 1082 West Virginia 28% 513 486 999 Wisconsin 3% 641 653 1294 Wyoming 3% 633 635 1257 Source: The College Board What's Next? Confused about SAT scoring? Learn more about how the SAT is scored,and get tips onhow to figure out your SAT goal score based on the schools you're applying to. Wondering what it takes to get a perfect SAT score? I scored a perfect SAT scoreand wrote a detailed guide about what it takes here.Read this to learn all of my best strategies- and to get a 1600 on test day! If you liked this post, make sure youscroll up and subscribe on the right hand sideso you can stay up-to-date with our SAT/ACT articles! Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Age Discrimination in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Age Discrimination in the Workplace - Essay Example In their article, Butler &Berrett (2012) argue that the American working force is progressively getting older and working for more years and the baby boomer generation is currently defying the age long tradition of working for about 30 years before going into retirement. These individuals are now preferring to continue with working well past their retirement age. According to Butler &Berrett (2012), data presented by the U.S. Census Bureau indicates that there are currently over 142.6 million people in employment and that are aged 40 years and over. These individuals are seen to account for 46% of the U.S. population. In addition to this, the paper highlights the plight that is normally faced by the older generation in the workplace as a result of frequent discrimination and then goes on to propose a practical approach that potentially be used by human resource personnel and educators so as to ensure that all the various employee related decisions are seen to be handled.In their Agei sm in the workplace article that appeared in theSpring 2007 editions of the Generations Journal, Helen Dennis and Kathryn Thomas start off by affirming that ageism is currently seen to be firmly entrenched as part of the main social fabric in American life. They argue that the practice of ageism is widely pervasive as is clearly evident across some of the different sectors such as education, media, healthcare and advertising. Dennis & Thomas (2007) point out that the workplace is in essence a microcosm of society.

Communication, Ethics, and Society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Communication, Ethics, and Society - Assignment Example CNN’s story seemed more about creating a trending story on their network rather than reporting the plight of stranded passengers on a stranded cruise ship.evidently, the cruise ship’s accident was not catastrophic and that is perhaps why it elicited comical re-incarnation by live comedy shows. SPJ also requires journalists to ensure that they minimize possible harm resulting from the news they cover (Baran et al, 2012). CNN helicopters and boats kept hovering above and around the stalled ship. This act was highly insensitive to the passengers who were already nervous because it made them more tense and made them panic even more. The relatives of the passengers on the cruise ship were subjected to trauma by comparison of the ship accident to Hurricane Katrina which gave an impression of mass loss of lives. Assessments of the story point towards the conclusion that it was given unnecessary full-time coverage. The magnitude of the ship mishap was overly blown out of proportion and the story created a major hype with misdirected intentions. A story of such rating, warranted a much more honest representation of the true facts while avoiding the irresponsible comparison to Hurricane Katrina. However the story can not be said to poorly represent America because it was not a representation of the lives of Americans but an isolated case of a sea cruise gone wrong. The far the story went in terms of damaging reputations was to shed bad light on the company owning the

The Life Of Charlie Chaplin

The Life Of Charlie Chaplin Charlie Chaplin was born April the 16 in the year 1889.His full name is Charlie Spancer Chaplin. He was born in London. (United Kingdom.) Charlie was an film director and an English comic actor. His parents are Charles Chaplin and Hannah Harriette Hillin. But Charlie wrote in his book that he really never knew his father. They work in the theater. His mother artist name was Lily Harley. When Charlie was born his parents got a divorcà ©. When Charlie was twelve his father died, he was an alcoholic .Charlie has two half- brothers, their names are Sidney and Wheeler. Charlie grew up with Sydney , therefore Charlie knew him as the best. Sidney was born in 1885, after the marriage. Spencer became also famous as drummer for Jefferson Airplane, that was the best band in the years. Charlie was to young to know was going on and would not fully know about his half-brother , wheeler Dryden His family was very poor. His mother Hannah sold valuable stuff to stay alive. But after all they have enough food. Because his family had so little money. Therefore Charlie went to a drama. Hannah was sick, when Charlies und Sydneys childhood. Charlie and Sidney lived in more homes example , school and workhouses and his own house.The brothers meet again in 1920. Spencer is died from cancer in January 10, 2005. Sydney died on Charlies birthday, april 16,1965. Wheeler died in September 30, 1957. On the picture see you his family. Charlie Chaplin has been married to four times, he has 11 children. His first wife was Mildred Harris, they got married on October 23, 1918.They got one child , but after three days the child died. They got divorced on April 4, 1921. His second wife called Lita Grey , they got married on November 26, 1924, together they had two sons, Charlie and Lita divorced on August 25, 1927. His third wife called Paulette Goddard, they met when they are on a holliday,Charlie and Paulette divorced in June in the year 1942, she was the stepmother of Sidney and Charlie Jr. His fourth wife was Oona ONeill with whom he had eight children, Charlie and Oona got married on June 16, 1943. His Children. His first child, Norman Spencer Chaplin, he was born on July 7, 1919. His second child , Charles Spencer Chaplin Jr., he was born on May 5, 1925, he has appeared in a film together with his father (Charlie Chaplin). His third child , Sydney Earle Chaplin, he was born on March 30, 1926, he has also worked with his father (Charlie Chaplin) in one movie. His fourth child, Geraldine Chaplin Leigh, she was born on August 1, 1944, she is also known in many movies. His fifth child, Michael John Chaplin, he was born on March 7, 1946. His sixth child , Josephine Hannah Chaplin, she was born on March 28, 1949. His seventh child, Victoria Chaplin, she was born on May 19, 1951. His eighth child was Eugene Anthony Chaplin, he was born on August 23, 1953. His ninth child, Jane Cecil Chaplin, she was born on May 23, 1957. His tenth child, Annette Emily Chaplin who was born on December 3, 1959. His last child, Christopher James Chaplin, he was born on July 9, 1962. Silent Films. In 1895 came the first moving pictures that you could often see at the fair. You can see dancers in butterfly dresses and men boxing. After a time came the silend films. At the begin there were only short films, but because people liked that ,The films were longer with more subjects. In a silent film the actors dont speak. These films were made around 1900. At that time they cant make a film with a sound. a stupid film in the cinema there was a church organ for music. Later came a real organ. In the year 1927 was it possible to make films with sound. Famous people who played in silent films were : Laurel Hardy and Charlie Chaplin. Someone who accompanied a silent film called a Wurlitzer. At that time there were no sibtitles , they used a lot of stuff to make a noice : When in a movie a motor was going on another person make a noice of the motor, when a thunderstorm was struck they make a noice with a pot. So there were movies with sound, a lot of actors dont like that because they a ctors doing more with their mouths and hands . These actors often went to the theater scene there to work there. In the film was someone who told the story of the movie. The silent films had always had a good final, they called a Hollywood end. And for the Europeans a dramatic end.. A pair of Charlies films. ( the great dictator , circus, modern times. ) At the movie the great dictator they make fun of Hitler. The great dictator is Charlies famous film, he writes the movie and directed the movie. Charlie plays two rolls in the movie. One is a jewisch barber and a dictator. This movie is the first that Charlie speaks, he was very afraid for the reactions of the people In the end of the years thirty Charlie worked at this movie but it appeared in 1940 in the theaters. In that time Hitler conquered large parts of Europe. The movie came popular around the year 1941. , the great dictator good be used against the war. research showed that Hitler saw that movie twice. Nobody knows what Hitler thought of that movie. They think that he thought that the movie wasnt funny, because Charlie was playing a jewisch man. Charlie has at admittedly when he knows what Hitler has don that time he doesnt to make this film. The Circus. For this movie charlie got an academy award. If he really got this award earned, a lot of people discuss over that. He had a difficuld time then because he and his second wife lita got in a devorce. Lita was tried to end the cariere of charlie chaplin. This movie stand on the place number 7 for the highest income of the silend films. In the year 1928 brought the movie $3.800.000. Modern Times. This movie came in the year 1933 till 1936. The movie go on premiere on February 6, 1936. Charlie plays in this movie a tramp, he goes together with a unemployed girl from the town and theyre sure everyone gets work. He spends a lot of time with another girl. He and the girl find a job and happiness. This movie brought up $1.500.000. . A pair of Charlies films. (City lights, limelight, Making a living. ) City lights. City lights came out in the year 1931. For this movie get Charlie $1.500.000. In this movie is charlie a tramp , but he met a girl. He says to that girl , : im a millionair. But later she find out that he isnt a millionair. Limelight. Limelight is a movie were many children of Charlie Chaplin in plays. In 1952 begon Charlie to write that story. Charlie write all his movies and directed them. Making a living. Charlies first movie was Making a Living and got in premiere on February 1914. This movie took about a quarter. Charlie knew little from the movies. He has a lot of humor. He thought that the director was nothingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ He didnt nothing good. He was very disappointed of the final results. Everything he was hoping to see in the movie , the director has got everything out. But the public liked the movie and recognized Charlie as a really good comic A countess from Hong kong. This was charlies last film, the movie was going out on January 5, 1967. Charlie got with this movie. $3,500,000. His last years à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Charlie lived the last years of his life in Switzerland.. In 1972 Charlie Chaplin got a oscar for his whole life. That Oscar called they a academy honari award. He got the longest applause in history from the oscars. , in 1975 charlie chaplin got knighted by queen Elizabeth. So he got a new name : sir Charles Chaplin. And his wife became Lady Chaplin. Charlie Chaplin died in 1977,during the first Christmas night. He died of a cardiac arrest he was 88 years old when he died. On March 8 , 1978 his body was stolen. The people who has stolen the body was tring to get ransom from Charlies wife , but the plan was failed. The body was found 11 weeks later by the leg of Geneve and later they buried Charlie under 180 cm concrete. How get charlie so famous ? Charlie Chaplin had always a derby on , that derby was to tight and he had shoes on they were to large, he always walked with a walkingstick. So came Charlie on stage. He didnt think he got so famous. But he knows that he was a tramp, that he wasnt so lucky. Later he told what the goosepas meant. , he had stolen that from a dronken man, he walked also like a goose with his feet going outside. If you think of the name Charlie Chaplin , the most people knows him from the movie : The little tramp Whole the world loved him ! Everybody knows the sad face of him and his humor. And so he didnt speak the people could understand him. Because the whole world likes him and so became very famous. He has make many movies , and became there awards for. So there are many quotes Charlie Chaplin said and we are still using then. As : A day without laughter is a day wasted , In the end, everything is a gag and We think too much and feel too little. The Source ! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Countess_from_Hong_Kong http://filmlegendes.punt.nl/?id=333733HYPERLINK http://filmlegendes.punt.nl/?id=333733r=1HYPERLINK http://filmlegendes.punt.nl/?id=333733r=1r=1 http://www.ednapurviance.org/chaplininfo/chaplinfamily.html http://www.digischool.nl/ckv1/film/chaplin/stomme_films.htm http://www.09366.07sc.thinkquest.nl/stomme_films.htm http://www.movie2movie.nl/r61868-Recensie-Modern-Times.html http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Times_(film) http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Circus http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Dictator http://www.charliechaplin.com/films http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/c/charlie_chaplin_2.html The end !